Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates
Exam 2 - 5 March 2002
1. Each of the following statements is FALSE. Correct it to
make
it true. 40 pts.
a. Feathers are considered to be modified dermal scales.
b. The ceratobranchial portion of the mandibular arch is
homologous
to the lower jaw of all gnathostomes.
c. The epidermal layer of the integument always contains at least
the
stratum lucidum.
d. All endochondral bone forms within fibrous cartilage.
e. Apocrine glandular cells are completely destroyed as they
release
their secretions.
f. The living cells of cartilage are housed within isolated
pockets
called canaliculi.
g. The chondrocranium is composed entirely of dermal bone.
h. The pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle are considered to be part
of
the axial skeletal system.
i. Iridocytes are pigment containing/producing cells of the
integumentary
system.
j. Dermal papilla serve to attach the dermis to underlaying
muscular
tissue.
k. Sweat glands secrete oil onto the surface of the skin and are
usually
associated with hair follicles.
l. The hardness associated with the epidermal scales typically
associated
with reptilian skin comes from a boney covering.
m. The epidermis of most vertebrates contains a large
concentration
of nerves and blood vessels.
n. Diaphyses represent the points of ossification within the ends
of
the long bones of mammals.
o. The pygostyle is the term used for the specialized, fused
caudal
vertebrae found in a typical anuran amphibian.
p. The trunk vertebrae of fish are typified by the presence of
hemal
arches.
q. Elements of the sharks upper jaw (palatoquadrate) are homologus
to
some portions of the hyoid apparatus of mammals.
r. The integumentary system of chondrichthyian fish is
characterized
by scales composed chiefly of collagen.
s. The occipital region of the skull of a typical vertebrate
developes
from the otic capsule cartilage.
2. List the five pairs of cartilage which eventually fuse to become
the neurocranium and the region in which each is found. 10 pts.
3. Name TWO (2) bones that compose each of the following in a
primative
vertebrate skull. 10 points
a) Palatal complex:
b) Marginal Tooth-bearing bones of the Upper Jaw:
c) Circumorbital Ring of the Dermatocranium:
d) Bones which ossify from the Sphenoid Center:
e) Dermal Sheathing bones of the mandible:
4. On the following diagram of 2 typical vertebral elements and 2 ribs,
identify the following: diapophysis, neural arch, parapophysis,
prezygopophysis,
transverse process, tuberculum. 6 pts.
5. Birds have two specializations within their axial skeleton.
Name these two specializations and what components of the axial
skeleton
compose each. 4 pts.
6. Fill in the blank for each of the following statements. 1
pt
each
a. The most common type of chromatophore found in both the
dermis and the epidermis is the___ .
b. Living cells within cartilage tissue are called and
are
surrounded by a non-living matrix referred to as ___ .
c. The canal system which contains both blood vessels and nerves
within
living
bone tissue is referred to as the ___ system.
d. The division of the endoskeleton which is composes of the
supporting
elements of the gills as well as the structures that are derived
from these
elements is called the ___ skeleton.
e. Arch II, or the___arch, is modified to attach the
gill
support structures to the back of the skull.
f. A___ is a bony extension of the frontal bone covered
with
a keratin sheath that is never shed and not branched.
g. The second hardest tissue of the body is ___ , which is
composed
of 30% organic material and is found in teeth, scales, and armor
plates.
h. The type of cell within the integumentary system that actually
produces
light is called a ___ .
i. The plastron and carapace of a turtle are modern examples
of ___
scales, similar to those seen in ancient fish.
j. The general gill bar of most fish is composed of four pieces of
cartilage.
The
most ventral of these is the ___ .
7. Several functions were listed in class for the integumentary
system. List and describe these functions. 4 pts.
8. List and define the five shapes of vertebrate vertebral elements
(shapes of the centrum). 5 pts.
9. Fill in the blanks of the following chart of homologies of the
visceral
skeleton. 5 pts.
CHART OF HOMOLOGIES WITH ELEMENTS MISSING
10. Differentiate between endochondral bone and dermal bone with
respect
to how it is formed. Considering each of these types of bone,
which
type(s) is present in the 3 major sets of elements that make up the
vertebrate
skull (Dermatocranium, Neurocranium, and Splanchnocranium)? 5
pts.
Biology 3064 - Comparative
Vertebrate Anatomy
Lecture Exam #2
21 October 2003
1. For each of the following statements, write either
“True” or “False” in the space provided to the right of each
statement. If false, correct the statement. (2 pt. ea.)
a. The splanchnocranium is composed entirely of
endochondral bone.
b. Both nerves and blood vessels are housed within
the epidermis.
c. A xanthophore is a type of
lipophore.
d. Integumentary glands are classified as endocrine
glands.
e. Elastic cartilage is the precursor of endochondral
bone.
f. All jawed vertebrates develop 7 pairs of visceral
arches at some time during embryological development.
g. The prezygopophysis of a vertebrate faces up and
in.
h. Epidermal scales are lacking within the Class
Mammalia.
i. In most vertebrates the stratum corneum is
composed of living cells.
j. The somatic skeleton of vertebrates is composed of
the axial skeleton and the visceral skeleton.
2. Fill in the blank to the right of each statement
with the correct term or terms. (1 ea.)
a. The living cells of cartilage are called
___.
b. Defense, sensory perception, and ___ are the three
major functions of the integumentary
system.
c. The name for the point of attachment of the
capitulum of the ribs to the body of a vertebral element is call
the ___.
d. ___ is the dense, regular connective tissue
surrounding bone.
e. Glandular cells that partially disintegrate upon
releasing their excretion are ___ cells.
f. The endochondral portion of the upper jaw is
mainly composed of elements derived from the ___
cartilage.
g. ___ are the only type of chromatophore found in
the epidermis of vertebrates.
h. The technical name for the portion of the skeleton
that encloses the brain and is made entirely from endochondral
bone is the ___.
i. The tiny passageways that interconnect the lacunae
of bone are called ___.
j. Guanophores are a type of ___ because they don’t
actually contain pigments but instead reflect light of different
wavelengths.
3. Define each of the following AND tell which
class(es) of vertebrates contains each.
a. uropygial gland -
b. true horn –
c. sebaceous gland –
d. heterocelous vertebrae –
e. pygostyle –
f. baculum -
g. carina -
h. acelous vertebrate -
i. photophore -
j. urostyle –
4. On the following diagram, identify and name the
five pairs of cartilage involved in the construction of the
neuocranium. (5 pts)
5. List the four regions of ossification located
within the neurocranium AND list at least two endochondral bones
associated with each. (8 pts)
7. Fill in the blanks on the following homology
chart. (8 pts)
Arch
Shark
Necturus
Reptile
Mammal
Ceratobranchial
Malleus
I Epibranchial
Quadrate
Palatal
Cartilage
Epipterygoid Alisphenoid
II Hyomandibular
Columella
Ceratohyal
Ant. Hyoid Horn
8. Place the following skull elements of the dermal
skull roof with the correct category on the right. (10 pts)
frontal
a. Rostral
Series
intertemporal
b. Paired Midline Series
jugal
c.
Circumorbital Ring
lacrimal
d. Cheek Series
nasal
e. Tabular
Series
parietal
postorbital
rostril
squamosal
supratemporal
9. As long as we’re on the skull, list two (2) bones
found within each of these categories in a typical vertebrate. (6
pts)
Marginal tooth-bearing series –
Extrascapular (opercular) series –
Palatal complex -
10. In the space below, draw a typical endochondral
bone of a mammal (with determinant grow) and label the following:
diaphysis, epiphysis (epiphyses), epiphyseal plate/line. (3 pts)
11. Match each of the following types of vertebral
elements with its shape. For EXTRA CREDIT, list one vertebrate
Class for each type of element. (5 pts)
aceolous
a. concave on both ends
amphicelous
b. concave anterior, convex posterior
heterocelous
c. concave posterior, convex anterior
procelous
d. essentially flat on both ends
opisthocelous
e. interlocking anterior & posterior ends
13. Describe the basic make-up of cartilage. A
diagram may help, but is not necessary. Include as many parts as
you can, including the name of the cells, matrix, covering, etc.
(5 pts)
Biol. 306, Comparative Anatomy
Lecture Exam II, Fall 2005
1. Identify or define AND briefly discuss each of the
following. 20 points (2 pts each)
a. epiphysis -
b. perichondrium-
c. lacunae-
d. stratum germinativum -
e. endochondral bone -
f. true horn -
g. chromatophores -
h. hyaline cartilage -
i. chondrogenesis -
j. dermal scale -
2. Answer each of the following questions. 21 Points
(3 Points each)
a. Which germ layer gives rise to the epidermis?
Which germ layer gives rise to the dermis?
Which of these two layers is generally the thickest?
b. What is the definition of a connective tissue?
c. Describe (or diagram) the structure of a typical
long bone in mammals? How does its structure relate to
determinant growth in mammals, while some reptiles continue to grow
throughout life?
d. Differentiate between an antler and a pronghorn.
e. Each of the following terms is related to a
vertebral element. Define or describe each one?
- diapophysis
- parapophysis
- zygapophysis
f. Three types of cells add color to vertebrates,
chromatophores, iridocytes, and photophores. Define or describe
each.
g. Three types of cells may be found in different
types of exocrine glands; apocrine, holocrine, and merocrine.
Define these types of glandular cells.
3. Bone and cartilage are very similar in
make-up. However, each has a different ground substance.
List the ground substance in bone and cartilage, and indicate which has
nerve and blood supply and which doesn’t. 4 pts.
4. Match each of the following types of vertebrae
centra to its description. Then list a vertebrate CLASS in which
each would be found. 10 pts
a. puzzle-like ends
___acelous
b. flat at both ends
___amphicelous
c. concave posterior, convex
anterior
___heterocelous
d. concave anterior, convex
posterior
___opisthocelous
e. concave at both ends
___procelous
5. Primitive bony fish had an impressive dermal skull
roof composed of bones divided into specific series. For each
series below, list two bones from the series? 6 points.
Rostral Series – (only list one here)
Paired Midline Series -
Marginal Tooth-bearing Series -
Circumorbital Series -
Tabular Series -
Cheek Series -
6. The vertebrate skull is made of 3 major sets of
elements. For each of the general names or components listed
below, give the technical name AND indicate if it is made of dermal
bone or endochondral bone. 6 pts.
braincase = ________________
dermal skull roof + palatal complex =
__________________
visceral skeleton = ___________________
7. The vertebrate brain case is generally formed by the
ossification of embryonic cartilage. This ossification begins in
four specific areas. List these areas and name two bones that are
derived from each. 8 pts.
8. The evolution of the visceral skeleton is well
documented. For each of the elements listed below in a shark,
match them to the homologous elements in a frog and a mammal. 5
pts.
Shark
Bird
Mammal
a.
Basihyal
___Anterior Horn of
Hyoid
___Alisphenoid
b.
Ceratohyal
___Articular
___Incus
c.
Hyomandibular
___Columella
___Malleus
d. Meckel’s
Cartilage
___Entoglossus
___ Stapes
e.
Palatoquadrate
___Quadrate
___Styloid Process
9. Name 3 dermal bones that make up the lower jaw of
a fish. 1.5 pts
10. Name two bones associated with the palatal
complex. 1 pt
11. Cartilage comes in two basic types. What are these types and
which one is found in your ears and nose? 1.5 pts
12. Enamel and dentine are the two hardest compounds in the vertebrate
body. From which embryonic tissues (ectoderm or mesoderm) are
each derived and which is the hardest? 1.5 pts.
13. What is the most common type of chromatophore
found in vertebrates AND in which layer(s) of the integument is it
found? 1.5 pts.
14. List two basic functions of the integumentary system. 1 pt.
15. List 3 of the 5 pairs of cartilage that form the basis for the
formation of the braincase. FOR A BONUS, IDENTIFY THEM ON THE
DIAGRAM BELOW. 1.5 pts
16. List 3 heterotopic bones. FOR EXTRA CREDIT INDICATE IF
HETEROTOPIC BONES ARE DERMAL OR ENDOCHONDRAL. 1.5 pts
17. How many pairs of visceral arches form in all
vertebrates? Which become the jaws? Which the hyoid
structures? 1.5 pts
18. The urostyle of a frog and pygostyle of a bird are fusions of what
division of the vertebral column? What special vertebral
element(s) is found directly anterior to the answer you gave for the
first part of this question? Last vertebral question – what is
the first vertebral element directly behind the skull? 1.5 pts