1. Each of the following 25 statements is FALSE.  find the error and correct it to make it true.  2 points each (1 for identifying the error, 1 for correctly making the change).
a. Striated muscle differs from cardiac muscle in that cardiac muscle has multiple nuclei per muscle fiber.
b. Extrinsic muscles of the appendicular musculature connect the limb to the axial skeleton.
c. The layer of connective tissue surrounding an individual muscle fiber is called the epimysium.
d. Cardiac muscle tissue differs from striated muscle tissue in that cardiac muscle fibers are separated from one another by  sarcomeres.
e. The division of the muscular system that contains smooth musculature associated with the major organs is refered to as the somatic musculature.
f. The epaxial musculature of fish has been modified in tetrapods into muscles such as the internal and external obliques.
g. The type of muscle action in which a muscle is responsible for moving a limb away from the midline of the body is called supination.
h. A ligament is the extension of the epimysium at the ends of the muscles.
i. The genioglossus muscle is an example of the appendicular musculature system.
j. A typical gill bar of an actinopterygian fish consists of outward projecting  gill rakers and inward projecting gill rays.
k. All materials moving into or out of most of the cells of the body move through the tunica adventicial of arteries.
l. Blood represents a highly specialized type of muscular tissue.
m. A demibranch consists of a gill bar with gill lamellae on both sides.
n. Arteries are characterized as having internal, one-way valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
o. Blood plasma includes water, albumins, globulins, fibrinogens, and erythrocytes.
p. Because the spiracle gets blood that has already been oxygenated, it is called a eurobranch.
q. A physostomous swim bladder has no pmeumatic duct and therefore has a red gland for gas supply to this organ.
r. The conus arteriosus is the section of the heart that receives the venous blood before it is dumped into the atrium.
s. The subintestinal venous system functionally adds the stomach to the circulatory system before returning blood to the heart.
t. The name of the sac-like structures found in the lungs of reptiles and mammals which are the actual site of gas exchange is trabeculae.
u. Turtles have a specialized muscle called a transversal muscle that assists them in inhalation.
v. The actual site of gas exchange in birds is a fine network of tubes within the lung called mesobronchi.
w. Thrombocytes are directly related to the immune response and function through phagocytosis to engulf foreign materials.
x. In higher vertebrates most of the blood is taken to the head via structures derived directly from aortic arch #2.
y. Fibrinocytes are specially designed to transport oxygen throughout the body and are found in all vertebrates except some cold water fish.
 

2. For each of the following circulatory diagrams, indicate WHICH CLASS of vertebrates is represented.  Then, fill in the interior of the boxes to indicate the atria and ventricle(s) and the degree of separation between each.  6 pts.

    DIAGRAMS OF HEART STRUCTURES FROM DIFFERENT VERTEBRATES

3. List six of the major functions of the circulatory system including details as to how these functions are accomplished.  6 pts.

4. Describe how a gill works with respect to aquatic respiration.  Include the names of the important structures as well as the movement of water and blood through the system.  8 pts.

5. For each of the following muscular categories, list two muscles that might be found in a typical tetrapod.  10 pts.

 Axial Musculature
  Hypaxial muscles --

  Epaxial muscles --
 

 Appendicular Musculature
  Pectoral Extrinsic --

  Pectoral Intrinsic --

  Pelvic Intrinsic --
 

6. List, in order from inflow to outflow, the chambers of a typical fish heart and include the valves present between each.  4 pts.
 

7. In the space below diagram the cross-section of an artery.  Be sure to list all of the layers.  Also describe how an artery differs from a vein.  6 pts.
 

8. Diagram the circulatory system of a typical fish, from the heart, into the gills, and back to the heart.  Include the names of all major arteries/veins/organs, etc.  10 pts.

1. For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase. 2 pts each.
a. The               theory states that paired limbs (fins) evolved from the dermal armor supporting the spines of an animal similar to the Acanthodii.
b. Of the three bones associated with the pelvic girdle, the                   is always the most dorsally positioned bone.
c. The technical term for the portion of the limb composed of either the humerus or femur is                 .
d. A specialized bone found in the hindlimb of a bird which adds an extra leg segment and movable joint, formed from the fusion of the distal tarsals and metatarsals, is called the         .
e. The name of an unguligrade foot with weight equally split between digits 3 and 4 is              .
f. Cardiac muscle differs from true striated muscle in having uninucleated fibers with                     between adjoining fibers.
g. Skeletal muscle typically has an origin (brace) and a(an)                      (lever).
h. The longitudinal striations seen in striated muscle is made from alternating stands of                and                   .
i. A major integumentary muscle found throughout the integument of many mammals is the                     .
j. The axial musculature of vertebrates is typically divided into the dorsal, or                 musculature and the ventral, or                  musculature.
k. The term used for respiration associated with the integumentary system of many aquatic vertebrates is                    respiration.
l. Each gill bar of a typical fish has inward projecting gill               and outward projecting gill                 .
m. A swim (or air) bladder in a fish that has no direct connection to the pharynx is termed a                   swim bladder.
n. Lungs are technically a highly specialized segment of the                   system.
o. The specialized muscle of a crocodilian used for inhalation by pulling the liver posteriorly is the                   muscle.
p. Blood represents a highly specialized type of                    tissue.
q. A specialized capillary network that serves a function other than a typical circulatory one, is called a rete                  .
r. The inner most layer of any circulatory vessel, and the one that controls the movement of materials both out of and into the blood, is the                 .
s. The general name of the vessel modified from AA III which carries blood to the head is the                     artery.
t. The name of the specialized venous system carrying blood to the liver is the                  .
 

2. For each of the following circulatory diagrams, indicate WHICH CLASS of vertebrates is represented.  Then, fill in the interior of the boxes to indicate the specific chambers and the degree of separation between each.  6 pts.

    DIAGRAMS OF HEART STRUCTURES FROM DIFFERENT VERTEBRATES
 

3. Diagram the circulatory system of a typical fish, from the heart, into the gills, and back to the heart.  Include the names of all major arteries/veins/organs, etc.  10 pts.

4. Three major foot postures are seen in vertebrates.  List these foot postures, describe how they differ, and give an example of a vertebrate with each.  6 pts.

5. From the information given in class, list four opposing muscle actions and describe each.  8 pts

6. Differentiate between arteries and veins, including in your answer differences in both structure and function.  Also include the specific layers.  6 pts.

7. The appendicular musculature is divided into extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.  Define these terms below, and then list 2 examples for the specific categories indicated.  7 pts.

  Extrinsic muscles =
 

  Intrinsic muscle =
 

   Pectoral extrinsic muscles -

   Pectoral intrinsic muscles -

   Pelvic intrinsic muscles -
 

8. Describe the basic functions of each of the following elements in vertebrate blood.  8 pts.

  Plasma proteins such as albumin -

  Erythrocytes -

  Leucocytes -

  Thrombocytes -
9. Counter-current flow is important in the respiratory systems of both fish and birds.  Describe how this works in both systems.  Which would you consider to be more efficient and why?  4 pts.
 

10. Describe the components of the respiratory system of birds.  Include in your answer the air movement pattern through this system and indicate why it works better than respiratory systems of other terrestrial vertebrates.  5 pts.

1. Short answer.  Please answer the following in a single term or group of terms as indicated.  (25 pts)
a. What is the technical name for the “foot” (hindfoot)?
b. Which type(s) of muscle fibers are uninucleate?
c. Which type of fin has a base consisting of the propterygium, mesopterygium, and metapterygium?
d. Cursorial locomotion is a fancy name for what type of movement?
e. List the dermal bones found in the primative pectoral girdle.
f. Which of the above bones (from e) is still found in a typical mammal?
g. What is the name of the connective tissue that binds together groups of muscle fibers into a fascicle?
h. What type of swim bladder is connected to the digestive system by a pneumatic duct?
i. List the endochondral bones found in a primative pectoral girdle.
j. Which of the above bones (from i) is still found in a typical mammal?
k. What is the name of the tubes where respiration actually occurs in a bird?
l. In the appendicular musculature, what is the division of muscles that attch the limb or girdle to the axial skeleton?
m. What are the two specialized respiratory muscles found in a crocodilian reptile (list these two muscles in order - the muscle assisting with inhalation first, the muscle assisting with exhalation second)?
n. What are the two integumentary muscles controlling movement of the skin in mammals?
o.  What is the name of the internal folds found in the lung of a Dipnoan fish?
p. What is the name of the plate that separates individual cardiac muscle fibers?
q. Which protein is found at the center of a sarcomere within striated muscle fibers?
r. Which bones make up the acropodium segment of the limb in all tetrapods?
 

2. List the bones which make up the indicated element in a typical tetrapod limb (hindlimb and forelimb).  (8 pts)

  Basipodium -
 

  Epipodium -
 

  Metapodium -
3. Describe the makeup of a typical fish gill using the diagram below.  Include in your answer both blood and water flow and the mechanics involved in the respiratory process of a typical fish.  (5 pts)
 
 

4. Three major foot postures are seen in vertebrates.  List these foot postures, describe how they differ, and give an example of a vertebrate with each.  (6 pts)

5. The muscular system can be divided into three major divisions based on function:  branchiomeric; somatic; and visceral.  In the space below define each of these and describe their major functions.  (6 pts)
 

6. Birds, bats, and pterosaurs each evolved flight independently.  Describe the basic modifications in the limb structure associated with each.  (6 pts)
 

7. The appendicular musculature is divided into extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.  Define these terms below, and then list 2 examples for the specific categories indicated.  (7 pts)

  Extrinsic muscles =

  Intrinsic muscle =

   Pectoral extrinsic muscles -

   Pectoral intrinsic muscles -

   Pelvic intrinsic muscles -

8. In tetrapods, the myomeres of their fish ancestors have been transformed into dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles.  Name three muscles in each of these groups:     (6 pts)
  Epaxial homologs:
 
 

  Hypaxial homologs:
9. Describe the components of the respiratory system of birds.  Include in your answer the air movement pattern through this system and indicate why it works better than respiratory systems of other terrestrial vertebrates.  (5 pts)
 
 

10. Correct each of these statements to make it true.  (20 pts)
a. The functional contractile unit of a striated muscle fiber is called a synctium.
b. Lungs are a highly specialize outgrowth of the circulatory system.
c. The diaphragm is grouped within the hypoglossal division of the somatic musculature.
d. Mechanistically, amphibians utilize an oral pump to inflate their lungs.
e. A physoclistous swim bladder is inflated by a specialized group of capillaries known as the yellow gland.
f. In the pelvic girdle of a typical vertebrate, the ischium is usually located ventral and anterior relative to the other two bones.
g. Digging as a means of locomotion is referred to as saltatorial locomotion.
h. The phalangeal formula primative for all mammals is 2.3.4.5.3.
i. The “rays” of a typical ray-fin are called radialia.
j. A mesaxonic unguligrade foot has the weight evenly distributed between digits 3 and 4.

11. List three pairs of opposing muscle actions and describe the movement associated with each.  ( 6 pts)