For each of the following multiple choice questions, circle correct answer(s).    2 pts. each.

1.   The type of nitrogenous waste disposal system seen in most freshwater fish is referred to as
 a.  ureotelism. b.  ammonotelism. c.  uricotelism. d.  nitrotelism.

2. The term used to describe teeth that are loosely rooted on the summit of the jaw is
 a.  acrodont.    b.  heterodont. c.  pleurodont.    d.  thecodont.

3. The inner most layer of the digestive system is the
 a.  muscularis externa.    b.  mucosa.    c.  serosa.    d.  submucosa.

4. The division of the nervous system that consists of the cranial, spinal and autonomic nerves is known as the
 a. central nervous system.    b.  peripheral nervous system.
 c. somatic nervous system.    d.  visceral nervous system.

5. Which of the following regions of the brain is better known as the medulla oblongata?
 a.  diencephalon     b.  mesencephalon     c.  myelencephalon
 d.  telencephalon

6. A kidney composed of the middle and posterior portions is referred to as a
   kidney.
 a.  holonephros. b.  mesonephros. c.  opisthonephros.    d.  pronephros.

7. The name of the duct which first forms to drain waste from the developing kidney is the
 a.  archinephric duct.    b.  holonephric duct.  c.  mesenephric duct.  d. telonephric duct.

8. The correct name for the type of nitrogen waste removal system seen in most reptiles is
 a.  ureotelism. b. ammonotelism. c.  uricotelism. d.  urinotelism.

9. Within the kidney, the specialized capillary bed where filtration actually takes place is the
 a.  nephron. b.  tubule. c.  glomerulus. d.  renal capsule.

10. The type of uterus seen in marsupials is a
 a. simplex. b. duplex. c.  bicornate.  d.  bipartite.

11. The highly vascularized covering of the spinal cord seen in most vertebrates is the
 a.  arachnoid mater.   b.  dura mater. c.  leptomeninx. d.  pia mater.

12. True or False.   Ovaries and testes are homologous structures.

13. Which of the following terms is used for molar teeth (found in many omnivorous mammals) with low, rounded cusps?
 a. bunodont     b. lophodont     c. selenodont     d. thecodont

14. The crop is a specialized digestive organ and is an enlargement of the
 a.  anterior portion of the stomach.     b.  esophagous.     c.  pharynx.   d.  proximal portion of the colon.

15. Which of the following regions of the brain is essentially the optic lobe and functions in processing visual stimuli?
 a.  diencephalon     b.  mesencephalon     c.  myelencephalon
 d.  telencephalon
 

16.  For each of the following statements, FIRST label it as true or false.  IF THE STATEMENT IS FALSE, correct it to make it true.  2 pts each.

a. The Loop of Henle is a specialization within the testis of mammals.
b. Secondary sex cords are found in both males and females.
c. The gallbladder functions to produce bile and breaks down red blood cells.
d. The dorsal rami of most spinal nerves control not only skeletal musculature but also the smooth musculature of the viscera.
e. Humans and other higher primates have a bicornate uterus with both horns of the uterus completely joined.
f. The typical vertebrate spinal cord has two enlargements, the cervical enlargement and the sacral enlargement, to accept the large number of nerves associated with the limbs.
g. The egg tooth of birds and reptiles, which is used to assist emerging from the egg, is made entirely of enamel.
h. The muscular portion of a birds stomach that is used to grind up food material is called the proventriculus.
i. The dorsal root of spinal nerves is mainly sensory while the ventral root is mainly associated with motor neurons.
j. The first part of the kidney to develop and begin to filter wastes from the coelom is referred to as the mesonephros kidney.
k. The glomulerus of all vertebrates is supplied with arterial blood where it is filtered of waste materials.
l. Nitrogenous wastes are typically excreted from the cells as urea.
m.  The anterior end of the oviduct, a modification for receiving ovulated eggs,  is a ciliated funnel-like structure called the oviducal tube.
n. One of the major exocrine functions of the gall bladder is to produce digestive enzymes for release into the duodenum, while a major endocrine function is the production of insulin.
o. A ganglion is an area of concentrated dentrites outside the CNS.
17. List, in order from inner to outer, the 4 layers of the digestive system.  For each layer, describe its composition and list its major functions.  8 pts.

18. Male and female gonad development is somewhat similar, and somewhat different.  Describe the basic differences between testis and ovary formation, including the tube system used to transport the gametes either within the body or to the exterior of the body.  8 pts.

19. Three types of nitrogen removal systems are seen in vertebrates (each has a different form of nitrogen for excretion).  List and define each as well as the major vertebrate taxa that use each one.  9 pts.
 

20.  Each of the following are adaptations/specializations to the digestive system.  For each describe what it is and it’s major function.  10 pts.

a.  spiral valve -

b.  carnassial teeth -

c.  rumen -

d.  pyloric ceca -

e.  parotid gland -

21. List, in order from anterior to posterior, the five major regions of the adult vertebrate brain.  FOR EXTRA CREDIT, list the major functions of each.  5 pts.

For each of the following fill in the blank with the correct term.    50 pts. total

1.     or sensory neurons transmit stimuli to the central nervous system.

2. The division of the nervous system that consists of the cranial, spinal and
 autonomic nerves is known at the   nervous system.

3. The major function of the   is storage and secretion of bile into the small intestine.

4. The stomach of a bird is divided into the  , or glandular stomach and the gizzard, or grinding stomach.

5. The type of nitrogen removal system seen in mammals is called  , which refers to the removal of nitrogen as urea.

6. The arterial blood supply to the renal corpuscle, where wastes are removed from
 the blood stream, is called the  .

7. The term used by our text to describe the portion of a neuron where protein
 synthesis takes place, also known as the cell body, is  .

8. The enlargement of the spinal cord in the posterior region, caused by the large
 number of nerves serving the hindlimb, is called the  .

9. Teeth that are firmly rooted in sockets in the jaw, are referred to as a  .

10. Most vertebrates are  , meaning that their teeth are continuously replaced throughout their life.

11. In the mammal kidney, the collecting tubule is greatly elongated into a special
 structure call the Loop of  , where water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

12. The tube that collects waste material from the kidney and transports it towards
 the exterior of the body or the bladder is are called the  .

13.   or motor nerves contain neurons that transmit stimuli away from the CNS.
14. The brain of all vertebrates develops to form three primary regions;  the
   or forebrain, the   or midbrain, and the
   or hindbrain.

15. The esophagus of ruminant ungulates is modified into three regions associated
 with the digestion of plant material.  These sections, in order from anterior to
 posterior, are the   (with bacterial cellulase to break down cell walls),
 the   (for fermentation), and the   (a holding
 tank before release of material into the true stomach).

16. The stage of development in vertebrates before the gonads begin to differentiate into either testes or ovaries, is referred to as the   stage.

17. In female vertebrates, the correct term for the portion of the reproductive tract
 specifically designed for reception of the penis, is the  .

18. In male vertebrates, the archinephric duct of the embryonic kidney is taken over
 by the testes, and now called the   for transfer of sperm to the penis.

19. In the nervous system, the term   is used for concentrations of cell bodies found outside the CNS.

20. The portion of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord is
 commonly referred to at the  .

21. The correct name for the type of nitrogen removal system seen in reptiles and
 birds is  .
 

Answer each of the following as completely as possible.

22. Define each of the following as the term applies to vertebrate teeth.  8 pts.
 heterodont -

 acrodont -

 bunodont -

 carnassial -
23. In the space below draw a cross-section through the digestive tract, labeling the four distinct layers.  For each layer list the major composition and function.  8 pts.

24. List the five major regions of the adult vertebrate brain, from anterior to posterior and list at least one major function of each.  10 pts.

25. Draw a typical neuron labeling its parts.  5 pts.

26. Differentiate between male and female gonal development.  5 pts.

27. For each of the portions of the vertebrate digestive system listed below, describe the major function(s).  8 pts.
cecum -

pyloric sphincter -

rectum -

intestinal villi -

28. The uterus in mammals is highly variable.  List and describe three different types of uteri seen in mammals including the types of organism in which each is found. 6 pts.

For each of the following multiple choice questions, circle correct answer(s).    (2 pts. each)

1.   The type of nitrogenous waste disposal system seen in most saltwater fish is referred to as
 a.  ureotelism. b.  ammonotelism. c.  uricotelism. d.  nitrotelism.

2. The term used to describe teeth that are firmly rooted in sockets in the jaw is
 a.  acrodont.    b.  heterodont. c.  pleurodont.    d.  thecodont.

3. The outer most layer of the digestive system is the
 a.  muscularis externa.    b.  mucosa.    c.  serosa.    d.  submucosa.

4. The most anterior chamber of a fish heart is called the
 a. conus arteriosus.        b. ductus arteriosus.
 c. sinus venosus.                      d.  aortic arch.

5. The aortic arch of fish that becomes responsible for pulmonary circulation in all tetrapods is  .
 a.  AA III     b.  AA IV     c.  AA V   d.  AA VI

6. A kidney composed of the middle and posterior portions is referred to as a
   kidney.
 a.  holonephros. b.  mesonephros. c.  opisthonephros.    d.  pronephros.

7. The name of the duct which first forms to drain waste from the developing kidney is the
 a.  archinephric duct.    b.  holonephric duct.  c.  mesenephric duct.  d. ductus deferns.

8. The correct name for the type of nitrogen waste removal system seen in birds is
 a.  ureotelism. b. ammonotelism. c.  uricotelism. d.  urinotelism.

9. The functional filtration unit of a kidney is refered to as the
 a.  nephron. b.  loops of Henle.    c.  glomerulus. d.  renal capsule.

10. The type of uterus seen in humans is a
 a. simplex. b. duplex. c.  bicornate.  d.  bipartite.

11. The portion of the testis designed for sperm storage and maturation is the
 a.  seminiferous tubules.   b.  vas deferns. c.  epididymis. d.  sertoli.

12. True or False.   The ductus deferns and the oviduct are homologous structures.

13. Which of the following terms is used for molar teeth (found in many omnivorous mammals) with low, rounded cusps?
 a. bunodont     b. lophodont     c. selenodont     d. thecodont

14. The cecum is a specialized digestive organ and is an enlargement of the
 a.  anterior portion of the stomach.     b.  esophagous.     c.  pharynx.   d.  proximal portion of the colon.

15. Which of the following types of cells are involved in the clotting process within the circulatory system?
 a.  rhombocytes     b.  erythrocytes     c.  eosinophils d.  spindle cells

16.  For each of the following statements, FIRST label it as true or false.  IF THE STATEMENT IS FALSE, correct it to make it true.  (2 pts each)
a. The Loop of Henle is a specialization within the testis of repiles.
b. In all vertebrates, the renal portal system supplies venous blood to the kidney for the purpose of reabsorbing water.
c. The gallbladder functions to produce bile and breaks down red blood cells.
d. All circulatory vessels are lined with a specialized type of epithelial cell called hypothelium.
e. In all vertebrates, the kidney begins development along a region called the archinephric ridge.
f. The layer of muscles within the digestive system of vertebrates is contained within the seous layer.
g. In female vertebrates, the ova and folicle cells are derived from the primary sex cords.
h. The muscular portion of a birds stomach that is used to grind up food material is called the gizzard.
i. Embryologically, all vertebrates develop seven pairs of aortic arches.
j. The first part of the kidney to develop and begin to filter wastes from the coelom is referred to as the omninephros kidney.
k. Freshwater fish remove most of their nitogenous wastes through diffusion though their gills, rather than through their kidneys.
l.  In tetrapod vertebrates, AA III is modified to supply blood to the forelimbs, becoming the subclavian artery.
m. The cardinal system is designed to supply blood to the dorsal portions of the head and body.
n. One of the major exocrine functions of the gall bladder is to produce digestive enzymes for release into the duodenum, while a major endocrine function is the production of insulin.
o. In all air breathing vertebrates, AA IV is devoted to circulation to the main portion of the body, or systemic circulation.
17. List, in order from inner to outer, the 3 layers of a typical artery.
 

 Which of these layers is found in capillaries and what is its function?

 Name a single feature of a vein that morphologically differentiates  it from an artery.  (7 pts.)

19. Blood is described as a specialized type of connective tissue.  Explain why and then breifly describe the types of material found within the blood of most vertebrates.  (8 pts)

20. For each of the following circulatory diagrams, indicate WHICH CLASS of vertebrates is represented.  Then, fill in the interior of the boxes to indicate the atria and ventricle(s) and the degree of separation between each.  (6 pts)

DIAGRAMS OF BASIC HEART STRUCTURES SIMILAR TO HANDOUT

21. Diagram the circulatory system of a typical fish, from the heart, into the gills, and back to the heart.  Include the names of all major arteries/veins/organs, etc.  (8 pts.)
 
 

22. On the diagram of a portion of the mammalian kidney below, label the following:  collecting tubule, convoluted tubule, glomerulus, loop of Henle, renal capsule, the portion in the cortex, the portion in the medula,  and also indicate the direction of blood  flow in the vessels present on the diagram.  (6 pts.)