Biology 3064 - Comparative
Vertebrate Anatomy
Lecture Exam #3
18 November 2003
1. Fill in the blank to the right of each statement
with the correct term or terms. (1 ea.)
a. The plate between adjacent cardiac muscle cells is
called the ___.
b. A capillary bed used for something other than a
typical circulatory function is called a ____.
c. In mammals, the only remaining dermal element of
the pectoral girdle is the___ bone.
d. The technical name for an unguligrade foot with
all of the weight centered on digit number three is a___ foot.
e. Capillaries only have a single layer of cells,
called the ___.
f. The forth chamber of a fish heart located just
prior to blood entering the ventral aorta is the ___.
g. The portion of the pelvic girdle that articulates
with the sacrum and is the most anteriodorsal element is the ___.
h. _____ is the term used to describe hopping
locomotion.
i. Individual multinucleated fibers of skeletal
muscle are called ___.
j. Blood is considered a highly specialized type of
___ tissue.
k. All of the fascicles of a muscle are surrounded by
the ___.
l. Of the 5 technical sections of tetrapod limb, the
phalanges make up the ___.
m. The axial musculature of fish and amphibians is
mostly myomeres, consisting of a dorsal epaxial and ventral ___
portion.
n. In all amniotes, aortic arch III has become
modified as the ___ artery, supplying blood to the
head.
o. The muscular division that includes muscles below
the gill region such as the geniohyoid and styloglossus is the
_______.
p. Of the three types of fins described in class, the
pro- meso- and metapterygium are parts of a ___ fin.
q. In a uniflow heart, such as that seen in a fish,
the ___ valve prevents backflow into the
ventrical.
r. In Anuran amphibians, the tibiale and intermedium
are fused in the foot to form the ___.
s. The type of foot posture seen in a dog – a
modification for cursorial locomotion – in which only the digits touch
the ground, is a __ foot.
t. The functional contractile unit of a striated
muscle is called a ___ and is composted of myosin and the actin
on both sides.
2. On the following diagram, identify and name the
proximal most 4 technical portions of a limb (excluding the
phalanges). To the right, name the bones that make up these
sections in both the fore and hind limb. (15 pts)
Name
Forelimb
Hindlimb
3. An artery has four layers – three tunics and the
inner lining. Name each of these four layers and describe its
function or makeup. (8 pts)
4. In a member of the Class Aves, what is the fate of
each of the Aortic Arches? If it is lost, put lost. If not
lost, what does it become? (6 pts)
I -
II -
III -
IV -
V -
VI –
5. List three pairs of opposing muscle actions and
describe what each does. (6 pts)
6. Birds have two major modifications of their
hindlimb involving fusion of bones. What are these two bones
called and what are they made from? (4 pts)
7. List, in order, from blood flowing in, to blood
flowing away, the four chambers of a typical fish heart. (4 pts)
8. For each of the following, list two muscles
included in each group. (10 pts)
Epaxial
musculature:
Hypaxial
musculature:
Extrinsic
pectoral musculature:
Intrinsic
pectoral musculature:
Intrinsic
pelvic musculature:
9. Fill in the interior of each of the “hearts” below
with the correct separation. Also, be sure to list the Class for
each. (8 pts)
DIAGRAMS OF HEART STRUCTURES FROM
DIFFERENT VERTEBRATES
10. In the space below, draw the circulatory system
of a typical fish. Include all major arteries and veins going to
and from: gills, head, forelimb, hindlimb, kidney,
gastrointestinal system, and liver AS WELL AS the chambers of the
heart. (10 pts)
11. What is each of the following, and in which class
of vertebrates is it found?
spiral valve –
ductus arteriosus –
lepidotricia –
radioulna –
tarsometatarsus –
hyperphalangy –
12. Wings have evolved three separate times in
vertebrates. For each description below, name the group of
organisms with each modification for flight. 3 pts
3 remaining digits, fusion of distal carpals and
metacarpals, enlarged humerous and ulna
4 remaining digits (3 with claws), digit 4 greatly
elongated, humerus, radius and ulna normal
5 remaining digits (one with a claw), digit 3
longest, metacarpals and phalanges of digits 2-5 greatly elongated,
humerus normal, radius elongated
Biology 306 - Comparative
Vertebrate Anatomy
Lecture Exam #3
15 November 2005
1. Fill in the blank to the right of each statement
with the correct term or terms. (1 ea.)
a. The plate between adjacent cardiac muscle cells is
called the ___.
b. A capillary bed used for something other than a
typical circulatory
function, such as that found in some air bladders,
is called a ----____.
c. In mammals, the only remaining dermal element of
the pectoral
girdle is the ---___ bone.
d. The technical name for an unguligrade foot with
the weight
divided between digits three and four is a ---___
foot.
e. The opening in the rear of the mouth the leads to
the
trachea is called the ____.
f. Birds use a unique structure in the lungs for gas
exchange. These
structures can be thought of as air capillaries and
are called ____.
g. The portion of the pelvic girdle that articulates
with the sacrum
and is the most anterior-dorsal element is the ___.
h. _____ is the term used to describe hopping
locomotion.
i. Individual multinucleated fibers of skeletal
muscle are called ___.
j. The lungs of Dipnoan fish contain ____,
specialized internal compartments that increase surface.
k. All of the fascicles of a muscle are surrounded by
the --___.
l. Of the 5 technical sections of a tetrapod limb,
the phalanges
make up the ___.
m. The axial musculature of fish and amphibians is
mostly myomeres,
consisting of a dorsal epaxial and ventral ___
portion.
n. The second layer within the digestive system,
which contains high
numbers of arteries and veins, is the ___.
o. The muscular division that includes muscles below
the gill
region such as the geniohyoid and styloglossus is
the _______.
p. Of the three types of fins described in class, the
pro- meso- and
metapterygium are parts of a ___ fin.
q. The term used to describe an organism with
different types
of teeth is ____.
r. In Anuran amphibians, the tibiale and intermedium
are fused in the
foot to form the ___.
s. The type of foot posture seen in a dog – a
modification for cursorial
locomotion – in which only the digits touch the
ground, is a __ foot.
t. The functional contractile unit of a striated
muscle is called a ___
and is composted of myosin and the actin on both
sides.
2. On the following diagram, identify and name the
proximal most 4 technical portions of a limb (excluding the
phalanges). To the right, name the bones that make up these
sections in both the fore and hind limb. (8 pts)
Name
Forelimb
Hindlimb
3. For each of the following statements, FIRST label
it as true or false. IF THE STATEMENT IS FALSE, correct it to
make it true. (2 pts each)
a. A lobe-fin is composed of
axials, preaxials, and postaxials.
b. The clethrium and clavical are
endochondral compenents of the primative tetrapod pectoral girdle.
c. The major function of the
stomach is to absorb vitamines.
d. Lungs represent a highly
specialized outgrowth of the circulatory system.
e. Extrinsic musculature connects
the axial skeleton to the limb.
f. The layer of muscles within the
digestive system of vertebrates is contained within the seous layer.
g. A demibranch is a gill arch
with gill lamellae on both sides.
h. The tubes leading from the
trachea into the lungs are called bronchioles.
i. Mechanistically, amphibians
utilize an oral pump to inflate their lungs.
j. Members of the Class Mammalia
have the highest effienciency with respect to respiration.
k. The serosa is the major
abosorbing layer of the digestive system.
l. Skeletal, or striated muscle,
is multinucleated and the fibers that are innervated by a single nerve
are referred to as a motor unit.
m. Digitigrade and unguligrade
limbs are adaptations for fossorial locomotion.
n. One of the major exocrine
functions of the gall bladder is to produce digestive enzymes for
release into the duodenum, while a major endocrine function is the
production of insulin.
o. The specialized muscle of
crocodilians that is used for inhalation is called the diaphragm.
p. The smooth muscles associated
with most internal organ systems are technically part of the somatic
musculature.
q. The tube connecting the swim
bladder to the digestive system in a fish is called the oval.
r. The layer of muscles within the
digestive system of vertebrates is contained within the seous layer.
4. List three pairs of opposing muscle actions and
describe what each does. (6 pts)
5. Birds have two major modifications of their
hindlimb involving fusion of bones. What are these two bones
called and what are they made from? (2 pts)
6. For each of the following, list two muscles in a
typical mammal included in each group. (5 pts)
Epaxial
musculature:
Hypaxial
musculature:
Extrinsic
pectoral musculature:
Intrinsic
pectoral musculature:
Intrinsic
pelvic musculature:
7. On the following diagram, label: gill ray,
gill raker, gill lamellae, and gill arch. Also indicate the
direction of water flow and blood flow through the gill structures AND
list the name given for this type of exchange system. (5 pts)
8. Name each of the following as associated with
vertebrate digestive systems. (10 pts)
Specialization of esophagus for grain
storage.
Glandular portion of the stomach of birds and
crocodilians.
Muscular portion of the stomach of birds and
crocodilians.
Stores bile to be released into the small
intestine.
Technical name for the large
intestine.
This region of the stomach regulates release of
materials
into the small intestine.
Two of the three portions of the esophagus
specialized in ruminant mammals.
Name for the “mouth” cavity in
fish.
Term used to describe teeth that are firmly rooted
in a socket.
9. Wings have evolved three separate times in
vertebrates. For each description below, name the group of
organisms with each modification for flight. (3 pts)
3 remaining digits, fusion of distal
carpals and metacarpals, enlarged humerus and ulna
4 remaining digits (3 with claws), digit 4 greatly elongated, humerus,
radius and ulna normal
5 remaining digits (one with a claw), digit 3 longest, metacarpals and
phalanges of digits 2-5 greatly elongated, humerus normal, radius
elongated
10. What is each of the following, and in which class
of vertebrates is it found? (5 pts)
spiral valve –
red organ–
lepidotricia –
radioulna –
hyperphalangy –
BONUS – 4 pts maximum. Tell me about avian respiratory systems.
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
Exam 3
3 April 2007
1. In the space below, list from proximal to distal
the 5 technical parts of a vertebrate tetrapod limb, and the bones
associated with each. (10 pts)
Technical
Segment
Forelimb
Hindlimb
2. From internal to external, list AND DESCRIBE THE
MAKEUP of the 4 layers of the gut wall. (8 pts)
3. Fill in the blanks with the proper term/terms to
complete the statements.
a. Cardiac muscle differs from striated muscle in
that cardiac muscle has________ nucli per unit.
b. Teeth that are basically perched on the summit of
the jaw are said to be ________ while those that are firmly rooted in a
socket
are called ________.
c. The muscular system is usually divided into three
categories, the ________musculature is attached to the axial and
appendecular skeleton and body walls, the________ musculature is
associated with major organ systems, and the ________ musculature is
associated with the gill arches.
d. The pancreas has two glandular functions, the
________ portion controls blood sugar levels, while the
________portion secretes
digestive enzymes into the digestive tract.
e. The axial musculature of a fish is divided into
the dorsal, or ________ musculature and the ventral or ________
musculature.
f. The name of the major integumentary muscle found
in many mammals to control movement of the skin is the________.
g. Birds and some reptiles have two part stomach,
the________which is the glandular portion and the________ which is the
muscular portion.
h. Speaking of birds, many grain eating birds have a
speciallization in the the esophagus for food storage called a________.
i. Of the three types of fins found in fish,
the________ fin is made up of a series of basalia, radialia, and
lepidotricia.
j. Hooved mammals come in two basic types, a________
foot with the weight evenly distributed between digits ___ and ___ and
a
foot with the wight mainly on digit ___.
k. Two bones in the pes of most tetrapods are fused
to form the astragalus. The two proximal tarsals that fuse to
form this bone are the
and the________.
l. Of the three types of fins found in vertebrates,
the________ fin eventually gave rise to the tetrapod limb.
m. From a dentition standpoint, we are said to
be________because we have two sets of teeth, our milk (or baby)
dentition, and out permanant dentition.
n. The pectoral fin of boney fish it attached to the
basipterygium. This same structure ossifies in tetrapods to be
come the ________and the
________of our pelvic girdle, while a separate doral plate
develops into the________ .
o. Striated and cardiac muscle both appear to have
strips. These stripes are actually alternating bands of two
muscular proteins, ________
and ________ .
p. The________produces bile, while the specialized
organ that stores bile until it is needed for lipid digestion is
the________.
q. Two different technical names are given to the
mouth - ________if you are a fish, and ________if you are not.
4. Match each of the following muscular connective
tissues with its location. (6 pts)
Endomysium
a. surrounds each multinucleated fiber
Epimysium
b. surrounds the entire muscle
Perimysium
c. surrounds each fascicle
5. For each of the following muscular categories,
list two muscles that might be found in a typical tetrapod. (10
pts.)
Axial Musculature
Hypaxial muscles --
Epaxial muscles --
Appendicular Musculature
Pectoral Extrinsic --
Pectoral Intrinsic --
Pelvic Intrinsic --
6. In the space below, list 3 pairs of opposing
muscle actions and describe each. (6 pts)
7. Each of the following statements is FALSE. find the error and
correct it to make it true. 2 points each (1 for identifying the
error, 1 for correctly making the change).
a. Extrinsic muscles of the appendicular musculature
connect the limb to the axial skeleton.
b. Cardiac muscle tissue differs from striated muscle
tissue in that cardiac muscle fibers are separated from one another by
sarcomeres.
c. The epaxial musculature of fish has been modified
in tetrapods into muscles such as the internal and external obliques.
d. The type of muscle action in which a muscle is
responsible for moving a limb away from the midline of the body is
called supination.
e. A ligament is the extension of the epimysium at
the ends of the muscles.
f. The genioglossus muscle is an example of the
appendicular musculature system.
g. In a typical tetrapod, the radius is mainly for
muscle attachment and the ulna is for support.
h. A birds hindlimb is modified for bipedal
locomotion, and includes several fused bones. One is the
tarsometatarsus which is made from the fusion of the tibia, astragalus,
and calcaneum.
i. A digitigrade foot is one in which only the hooves
touch the ground.
8. The primitive pectoral girdle was made up of 6
elements, 3 dermal and 3 endochrondral. List two bones in each
category, and circle the ones that are still present in mammals. (5 pts)
Dermal Elements Endochondral Elements
9. Define each of the following muscular terms.
Sarcomere –
Syncytium –
Intercalated Disk –
Fascicle –
Smooth Muscle -