Biology 2174 - Comp. Vert. Anat.
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<>Lecture Exam #1
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<>5 February 2002
1. Identify or define, and briefly discuss each of the
following.
(3 pts each)
a. homologous character -
b. anamniotic egg -
c. phylogeny -
d. symplesiomorphic character -
e. allantois -
f. ovovipary -
g. eucoelomate -
h. neoteny -
i. archenteron -
j. Enteropneusta -
2. For each of the following, provide a short answer to the
question.
a. Define “Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny.” (3 pts)
b. List the 4 subphyla in the Phylum Chordata. (4 pts)
c. What is the term used to describe shared, derived
characters
that are useful in generating a phylogeny such as the one presented in
class showing the relationships between the major groups of
vertebrates.
(2 pts)
d. Which phylum, according to the material presented in class,
is thought to be the closest living relative to the Phylum Chordata? (2
pts)
e. In which type of egg does the term “epiboly” apply to the
process
of gastrulation? (2 pts)
f. Which subclass of the Class Mammalia contains members which
lay eggs? (2 pts)
g. Which Class of vertebrates does not contain paired
appendages
or jaws? (2 pts)
h. List, in order from most primative to most derived, the
three
subclasses of the Class Actinopterygii. (3 pts)
i. What are the three diagnostic characteristics of all
members
of the Phylum Chordata? (Be specific - 6 pts)
j. Which Infraclass of the Class Mammalia has a
choriovitelline
placenta? (2 pts)
3. During neurulation in a chick (and all higher vertebrates),
the mesoderm splits into three distinctive regions, dorsal, lateral
plate,
and intermediate mesoderm. What is the fate of each of these
mesodermal
sections? (6 pts)
4. List and define the three different types of vertebrate
eggs.
Describe the initial types of cleavage for each type using the correct
terminology. Finally, give TWO examples of different vertebrate
groups
for each egg type. (9 pts)
5. Correct each of the following false statements. (5 pts)
a. Members of the OrderChelonia are generally considered to be
most closely related to the dinosaurs.
b. All living birds are in the Subclass Neognathae?
c. Lobe-finned fish are found in the Class Actinopterygii.
d. The first reptiles are classified within the extinct
Subclass
Labyrinthodontia.
e. The first tetrapod, Ichthyostega, was thought to have
evolved
from a fish-like ancestor in the Superorder Dipnoi.
6. List the three main tissue types (primary germ layers) derived
during
early embryolgical development and name at least TWO major “systems”
derived
from those tissues. Your choice of systems includes:
circulatory system, digestive system, integumentary system, muscular
system,
nervous syste, respiratory system, urogenital system. (6 pts)
7. What are the eight extant classes of vertebrates as listed on
your
vertebrate classification handout? List a living example of
each.
Of these, which have an amniotic egg and which an anamniotic egg?
(10 pts).
8. Draw a phylogeny of the subphylum vertebrata including each of
the
following groups/organisms: Agnatha, Actinopterygii, Aves,
Chondrichthyes,
Cotylosauria, Crossopterygii, Diapsida, Elasmobranchii, Eutheria,
Holocephali,
Labyrinthodontia, Lissamphibia, Mammalia, Placodermi, Sarcopterygii,
Synapsida,
Teleostei, Urodela. (6 pts)
Biology 3064 - Comparative
Vertebrate Anatomy
Lecture Exam #1
25 September 2003
1. Identify or define, and briefly discuss each of the following.
20 pts.
a. cotylosaur –
b. chorioallantoic placenta–
c. phylogeny –
d. analogous character –
e. synapomorphic character –
f. gastrulation –
g. blastopore –
h. delamination –
i. neurectoderm–
j. trophoblast -
2. What are the classes in the subphylum
vertebrata? 6 pts.
3. Each of the following statements is false. Correct each
to make it true. 10 pts.
a. Neoteny is when the adult form of an ancestor
becomes the larval form of the decendant.
b. A general characteristic of the Phylum Chordata is
that they are all eucoelomate, meaning that the mouth is not derived
from the blastopore.
c. The Class of vertebrates that represent the first
jawed vertebrates in the fossil record, as well as the first fossils to
possess paired fins, were the class Ostracodermi.
d. The function of the allantois is to provide yolk
for developing embryos.
e. Actinopterygian fish are thought to have given
direct rise to the Class Amphibia.
f. The earliest amphibians are included in the
Subclass Lepospondyli.
g. Mammals are unique in that they have thecodont
teeth, meaning that they have different kinds of teeth that are used
for different functions.
h. All living reptiles in the Subclass Anapsida are
in the single Order Cotylosauria.
i. In all vertebrates, the notochord is formed from
the lateral mesoderm.
j. The first fossil vertebrate was an agnathan fish
known as an Osteocyte.
4. List and define and/or describe the 3 diagnostic characters of the
Phylum Chordata. 6 pts.
5. Each of the following lists contains one member that doesn’t
belong. Circle the “odd” component and then tell why it doesn’t
belong. 10 pts.
a. Cephalochordata, Echinodermata, Hemichordata,
Urochordata
b. Chondrostei, Elasmobranchii, Holostei, Teleostei
c. Allantois, Amnion, Chorion, Vitelline
d. Anapsida, Diapsida, Euyapsida, Synapsida
e. Crocodilia, Ornithischia, Pterosauria, Saurishia
6. For each of the organisms listed below, give the
single term to describe the type of egg that they have, and a one or
two word phrase to describe the type of cleavage. 12 pts.
Amphioxus,
Chondricthyian fish, Reptiles, Amphibians,
Birds, Therian mammals
7. Fill in the missing blanks on this
phylogeny of the vertebrates. 12 pts.
8. Define each of the following. For the first
two, list the two major divisions and the major systems derived from
each. For the endoderm, be sure to also list systems derived from
this embryonic layer. 12 pts
I. Ectoderm
1.
2.
II. Mesoderm
1.
2.
III. Endoderm
9. On the following diagram of neurulation in a chick
embryo, match each of the following to the correct structure or
region. 7 pts.
Coelom
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Notochord
Somatic mesoderm
Splanchnic mesoderm
10. List and explain the Biogenetic Law as proposed
by Ernst Haeckel. 5 pts.
Biology 306 - Comparative Vertebrate
Anatomy
Lecture Exam #1
21 September 2005
1. Identify or define, and briefly discuss each of
the following. 20 pts.
a. synapomorphic character -
b. agnatha -
c. euvivipary -
d. neoteny -
e. Ernst Haeckel -
f. allantois -
g. gastrulation -
h. epiboly -
i. blastocoel -
j. Superclass Tetrapoda –
2. Fill in the blanks below with the three primary
germ layers that develop during vertebrate embryology, and the four
subdivisions (two subdivisions for two of the germ layers). 5 points.
Primary Germ
Layer
Subdivision
outer a.
i.
ii.
middle b.
i.
ii.
inner c.
3. Give the Biogenetic Law in 3 words – then
define each word. 6 pts.
4. What is a macrolecithal egg?
What types of vertebrates have these types of
eggs?
What term is used to describe the type of cleavage
seen in these eggs?
What major difference do we see between the
different groups that have a macrolecithal egg with respect to the
gastrulation process?
5. List the 9 Classes of living vertebrates and the
common name of a representative of each. 9 pts.
6. Fill in the blank with the correct term(s).
10 pts.
a. According to the information
given in class, the closest living relatives to the Phylum
Chordata are members of the
Phylum________________.
b. Amphibians have ______________ eggs
with respect to the amount of yolk.
c. Eutherian mammals have a
______________ placenta.
d. Following gastrulation, the
opening into the archenteron is called the ______________.
e. The movement of cells during
gastrulation of an amphibian egg is called ___________.
f. ___________ is the term
used to describe the initial divisions of a fertilized egg.
e. Cotyosaurs, the first
reptiles, are assigned to the Subclass _____________.
f. Ichthyostega, the first
amphibians, are assigned to the Subclass ______________.
g. The taxonomic name given to the
first agnathan vertebrates is ________________.
h. If two unrelated living
organisms share a common, derived feature that none of their
ancestors had, then
this trait is most likely the result of ______________ evolution.
7. List and give an example of the four subphyla of
the Phylum Chordata. 4 pts.
8. Match the following with the specific mesodermal
regions that give rise to each. 8 pts.
ribs
a) dorsal mesoderm
kidneys
limbs
b) intermediate
mesoderm
heart
vertebral elements
c) somatic division of the lateral
plate mesoderm
body wall
genital system
d) splanchnic
division of the lateral plate mesoderm
smooth muscle of GI tract
9. For each of the following lists, one member does
not belong. Circle the “odd” member and then describe why is
doesn’t go with the remaining three. 9 pts.
a. Bilateral symmetry, dorsal
hollow nerve tube, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits.
b. Ascideacea, Enteropneusta,
Larvacea, Thaliacea.
c. Crocodilia, Ornithischia,
Thecodontia, Therapsida,.
d. Anapsida, Cotylosauria,
Diapsida, Synapsida.
e. Anura, Apoda, Holocephali,
Urodela.
10. Draw a phylogeny showing the relationships
between the relationships between the 11 classes of vertebrates –
include as much information as you want, but all I will be grading is
the Class relationships . 10 pts.
11. On the following diagram of an embryonic chick,
label the following: ectoderm, endoderm, splanchnic
mesoderm, somatic mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm,
notochord, and spinal cord. ALSO, indicate which
stage of embryological development has just concluded. 4
points.
12. Match each of the following with the correct
letter or letters from the right. There may be more than one
answer – include all that apply. 11 pts.
egg laying
mammals
a. Anapsida
Subclass of mammals
b. Archosauria
Subclass of ray-finned
fish
c. Chrondrostei
Subclass of
reptiles
d.
Crossopterygii
Subclass of cartilaginous
fish
e. Diapsida
Superorder of lobe-finned
fish
f. Dipnoi
extinct Subclass of
amphibians
g. Elasmobranchii
Superorder that included the
dinosaurs h. Holocephali
Subclass of living
birds
i. Holostei
Superorder containing snakes
& lizards j. Labryinthodontia
turtle Subclass
k. Lepidosauria
Subclass of reptiles that led to
mammals l. Lepospondyli
Subclass including sharks &
rays m.
Monotremata
n. Neornithes
o. Prototheria
p. Synapsida
q. Teleostei
r. Theria
Biology 306 - Comparative
Vertebrate Anatomy
Lecture Exam #1
1 February 2007
Name
1. Identify or define, and briefly discuss each of
the following. 20 pts.
a. homologous character -
b. isolecithal egg -
c. ovovipary -
d. phylogeny -
e. the Biogenetic Law -
f. notochord -
g. gastrulation -
h. epiboly -
i. archenteron -
j. Urochordata -
2. Fill in the blanks below with the three primary
germ layers that develop during vertebrate embryology, and the four
subdivisions (two subdivisions for two of the germ layers). Also list a
single “system” derived from each. 11 points.
Primary Germ
Layer
Subdivision
Systems
outer a.
i.
--
ii.
--
middle b.
i.
--
ii.
--
inner c.
--
3. List the function of each of the four
extra-embryonic membranes found in a typical amniotic egg. 4 pts.
Allantois -
Amnion -
Chorion -
Vitelline -
4. What is a macrolecithal egg? What types of
vertebrates have these types of eggs? What term is used to
describe the type of cleavage seen in these eggs? Finally, what
major difference do we see between the different groups (sharks versus
birds, for example) that have a macrolecithal egg with respect to the
gastrulation process? 8 pts.
5. List the 9 Classes of living vertebrates and the
common name of a representative of each. 9 pts.
6. Correct each of the following statements to make
it true. 14 pts.
a. Amphibians have mesolecithal
eggs, which undergo meroblastic cleavage.
b. Von Baer’s Law states that
specific characteristics develop first during embryology.
c. The major anatomical feature of
the Actinopterygii is lobed-fins.
d. Analogous characters are those
which are primative, not derived.
e. Metatherian mammals have a
chorioallantoic placenta which does not allow for sufficient exchange
of materials and also has no means of waste disposal.
f. The first fossil vertebrate was
classified in the Class Acanthodii.
g. The subclass of amphibians that
gave rise to the Class Reptilia is known as the Subclass Lepospondylii.
7. List the four subphyla of the Phylum Chordata and
an example of each. 4 pts.
8. What are the three diagnostic (synapomorphic)
characters that unite members of the Phylum Chordata and separate them
from the rest of the Kingdom Animalia? 3 pts
What single characteristic separates members of the
subphylum in which you belong from the other subphyla? 1 pt
9. Draw a phylogeny of the subphylum vertebrata
including each of the following groups/organisms: Agnatha, Aves,
Chondrostei, Cotylosauria, Crocodilia, Crossopterygii, Elasmobranchii,
Eutheria, Labyrinthodontia, Lissamphibia, Thecodontia, Teleostei,
Squamata, Synapsida. 7 pts.
10. Match the following with the specific mesodermal
regions that give rise to
each. 8 pts
ribs
a) dorsal mesoderm
kidneys
limbs
b) intermediate mesoderm
heart
vertebral
elements
c) somatic division of the lateral plate mesoderm
body wall
genital system
smooth muscle of GI tract
d) splanchnic division of the lateral plate mesoderm
11. Match each of the following with the correct
letter or letters from the right. There may be more than one
answer – include all that apply. 11 pts.
egg laying
mammals
a. Anapsida
Subclass of
mammals
b. Archosauria
Subclass of ray-finned
fish
c. Chrondrostei
Subclass of
reptiles
d. Crossopterygii
Subclass of cartilaginous
fish
e. Diapsida
Superorder of lobe-finned
fish
f. Dipnoi
extinct Subclass of
amphibians
g. Elasmobranchii
Superorder that included the
dinosaurs h. Holocephali
Subclass of living
birds
i. Holostei
Superorder containing snakes
& lizards j. Labryinthodontia
turtle
Subclass
k. Lepidosauria
Subclass of reptiles that led to
mammals l. Lepospondyli
Subclass including sharks &
rays
m. Monotremata
n. Neornithes
o. Prototheria
p. Synapsida
q. Teleostei
r. Theria