Microbiology - Biology 307

Course Outline

 

 

Konvicka                                                            Sci.  314                                                                  8:00 - 9:00 M - F

 

html://www.tarleton.edu/~jkonvicka/index.html

    

The objective of this course is to include as much of the contemporary information on microorganisms as possible in a one semester course.  The major emphasis is in the coverage of bacteria, fungi and the viruses even though the others are briefly discussed.  The average student should be able to differentiate these and to relate practical involvement with these.  Genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology are part of this knowledge.  All of this is ambitiously tied into the microbial interrelationship with the human organism.

 

The course includes the interaction of infection and resistance, placing emphasis on the host - parasite relationship and how this relationship can be influenced by the host defense mechanisms.

 

The student spends four hours plus a week in lab.  The laboratory emphasizes the correct handling of microbes whether pathogenic or not.  The student should have a working knowledge of the systematic procedure of isolation and identification of bacteria from nature.  Under the topic of applied microbiology the student is taught the procedures of yogurt preparation and water testing.  Also antimicrobial agent testing is used to help the student understand the effectiveness of controlling microorganisms.                                            

 

    

TEXT: Talaro, Microbiology, 5th Ed.

 

        I.  INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY                                        ch 1, pp. 1-24

        

            A. Common Microorganisms (microbes)                                                   pp. 6-8

                1.     Bacteria

                2.     Protozoans

                3.     Algae

                4.     Fungi

                5.     Viruses and Prions

                6.     Helminths(all parasitic worms)

                              a.   tapeworms, flukes, round worms, etc

            B. Early History                                                                                               pp. 8-10

                1.     Leeuwenhoek  

                        a.   “animalcules”                                                                        

                2.     Pasteur                                                                                               p. 15

                        a.   final proof to disprove spontaneous generation with microbes

            C. Taxonomy                                                                                                  pp. 16-21

                1.     Linnaeus

                        a.   developed the taxonomic approach to living things

                2.     Haeckel - 3 kingdoms

                        a.   Plantae

                        b.   Animalia

                        c.  Protista

                3.     Whittaker - 5 kingdoms                                                             

                        a.   Plantae

                        b.   Animalia

                        c.   Myceteae (Fungi)

                              i.  yeast and molds

                        d.  Protista

                              i.  algae and protozoans

                        e.   Prokaryote  (Monera)

                              i.  eubacteria (and archaebacteria)

                4.     Woese - 3 domains

                        a.  Domains  or super kingdoms

                              i.   Eukarya

                                    (a).  all eukaryotic cell types

                                    (b).  with all traditional kingdoms of Whittaker (a, b, c, & d above)

                              ii.  Bacteria (Eubacteria)

                                    (a).   prokaryotic

                              iii. Archaea (unusual prokaryote)

                                    (a).  prokaryotic

 

            Review Basic Chemistry  ( read on your own )                   ch. 2,    pp. 25-52

                                           

       II.  EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS                   ch. 4 & 5,  pp. 87-157

           

            A. Differential Basis

                1.     Nuclear organization

                2.     Cytoplasmic organelles

                3.     Type of movement

                4.     (size)

            B. Eukaryotic Cells                                                                                  pp. 123-158

                1.     Nuclear organization (true nucleus)

                        a.   nuclear membrane

                        b.   chromosomes - DNA + histones

                        c.   mitosis

                2.     Cytoplasmic organelles

                        a.   membrane-bound

                              i.     mitochondria - energy production

                              ii.   endoplasmic reticulum

                              iii.  golgi apparatus

                              iv.  several others

                        b.  ribosomes - 80s (no membrane)

                3.     Movement

                        a.   flagella and cilia

                                    i.      multistranded consisting of:

                                            (a). 9 pair of microtubules surrounding a pair in the middle

                                    ii.     membrane bound

                        4.  Size-large

                              a.   10 -100 um

            C. Prokaryotic Cells                                                                                 pp. 87-119

                1.   Nuclear organization (no true nucleus)

                        a.   nucleoid region  (no nuclear membrane)

                        b.   genome - DNA  (no chromosomes)

                        c.   binary fission or transverse fission (no mitosis)                                             

                2.     Cytoplasmic organelles (no membrane-bound organelles)

                        a.   mesosome - energy production

                        b.   ribosomes - 70s

                3.     Movement

                        a.   flagella

                              i.    single stranded

                4.     Size - small

                        a.   1-5 um                                                                                   

 

      III.  GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MICROBES (with emphasis on bacteria)                                   ch. 3, pp. 57-82

            A. Unicellular                

            B. Cell Morphology or Cellular Morphologic Characteristics        pp. 104-107

                1.     Size - microscopic (1000X magnification)

                        a.  micrometer - um

                                        i.     10-6 meter

                2.     Shape

                        a.   rod - bacillus

                        b.   spherical - coccus

                        c.   helical - spirillum

                3.     Grouping or arrangement

                        a.   singles - micro-

                        b.   doubles - diplo-                                                                                      

                        c.   chains - strepto-

                        d.   clusters - staphylo-

                        e.   packets - sarcina 

                4.     Staining characteristics

                5.     Specialized structures

                        a.   flagella (motility), storage granules

                6.     Table of characteristics

                        a.   Shape                 Grouping                      Planes of Division

                              bacillus     singles/doubles/chains                         one

                              coccus       singles/doubles/chains                        one

                                                              clusters                                     two

                                                              packets                                   three

                              spiral                      singles                                      one

            C. Methods of Observation                                                                    pp. 70-85

                1.     Wet mount                                                                                    pp. 79-80

                2.     Hanging drop                                                                               pp. 79-80

                3.     Stained preparations                                                                  pp. 80-83

                        a.  taxonomic stains - to identify or classify

                              i.   simple                                                                               p. 80

                                    (a).  single or one stain

                              ii.  differential - to categorize or differentiate                    p. 81

                                    (a).  multiple reagents

                                    (b).  gram                                                                         p. 81

                                            (i).   gram + (purple)

                                            (ii).  gram -  (pink)

                        b.  structural stains                                                                      p. 82

                              i.   flagella                                                                              p. 82

                              ii.  storage granule                                                               p. 82

                4.     Electron microscopy

            D. Growth In the Laboratory                                                                   pp. 62-65

                1.     Culture media                                                                              pp. 59-69

                        a.   liquid -- broth                                                                         p. 63

                        b.   solid -- agar                                                                           pp. 63-64

                              i.    agar - the solidifying agent

                                    (a).  polysaccharide

                                                (b).  melts at 100o  C

                                                (c).   solidifies at about 42o  C

                                    (d).  non-nutrient